CCPA/CPRA

In CCPA/CPRA

• Section 1798.140Definitions

  Applies to for-profit businesses doing business in California that meet revenue or data-volume thresholds, wherever located, for California residents' data.

• Section 1798.145Exemptions
• Section 1798.146Exemptions for medical information and deidentified patient information

Reach abroad across 39 laws

California CCPA	2	Applies to for-profit businesses doing business in California that meet revenue or data-volume thresholds, wherever located, for California residents' data.
Brazil LGPD	3	Applies regardless of location if processing occurs in Brazil, targets goods or services to people in Brazil, or data was collected in Brazil.
Egypt PDPL	3	Covers Egyptians anywhere, non-Egyptians in Egypt, and non-Egyptians abroad where the data concerns Egyptians or residents and the act is also criminal there.
Ghana DPA	3	Applies to controllers in Ghana, foreign controllers using equipment or processors in Ghana, and processing of information originating in Ghana.
Indonesia PDP Law	3	Applies inside Indonesia and to acts abroad with legal effect in Indonesia or on Indonesian citizens abroad.
Kenya DPA	3	Applies to controllers and processors outside Kenya that process personal data of data subjects located in Kenya.
Nigeria NDPA	3	Applies to controllers and processors outside Nigeria processing personal data of data subjects in Nigeria.
Saudi Arabia PDPL	3	Applies to processing in the Kingdom and to processing outside it of personal data of individuals residing in the Kingdom, by any means.
Switzerland nFADP	3	Applies to any circumstances that have an effect in Switzerland, even if initiated abroad; some foreign controllers must appoint a Swiss representative.
UAE (federal) PDPL	3	Applies to controllers and processors outside the UAE that process personal data of data subjects inside the State.
Uganda DPPA	3	Applies to anyone collecting or processing personal data in Uganda, and to anyone outside Uganda handling data relating to Ugandan citizens.
Vietnam PDPL	3	Applies to foreign entities in Vietnam and to foreign entities directly processing data of Vietnamese citizens and residents in Vietnam.
Australia Privacy Act	2	Applies to organizations abroad with an Australian link, including carrying on business in Australia.
Canada PIPEDA	2	Applies to commercial activity with a real and substantial connection to Canada, and to interprovincial or international disclosures for consideration.
China PIPL	2	Applies outside China when providing products or services to people in China or analyzing their behavior; foreign handlers need a local representative.
Ecuador LOPDP	2	Applies to foreign controllers offering goods or services to, or monitoring behavior of, residents of Ecuador; non-residents must appoint an agent in Ecuador.
European Union GDPR	2	Applies to non-EU controllers offering goods or services to, or monitoring the behavior of, people in the EU.
India DPDP Act	2	Applies to processing outside India connected with offering goods or services to data principals in India.
Japan APPI	2	Applies to foreign businesses handling personal information of people in Japan in connection with supplying goods or services to them.
New Zealand Privacy Act	2	Applies to overseas agencies carrying on business in New Zealand, even without a place of business or commercial purpose.
Peru Law 29733	2	Covers non-established controllers that offer goods or services to, or profile, people in Peru; they must appoint a representative.
Philippines DPA	2	Applies to processing outside the Philippines of citizens' or residents' data where the entity has a Philippine link (contract, branch, business, data collected there).
Quebec Law 25	2	Applies to enterprises collecting, holding, using or communicating personal information about people in Quebec in the course of business.
Singapore PDPA	2	Applies to organizations whether or not resident or with an office in Singapore, in practice when collecting, using or disclosing data in Singapore.
South Korea PIPA	2	No express territorial clause, but foreign controllers meeting Decree thresholds without a Korean address must designate a domestic agent; PIPC applies the Act to services targeting Koreans.
Thailand PDPA	2	Applies to controllers or processors abroad that offer goods or services to people in Thailand or monitor their behavior in Thailand.
Turkey KVKK	2	The law is silent on territory, but the Board requires foreign controllers processing data of people in Turkey to register in VERBIS through a local representative.
United Kingdom UK GDPR	2	Applies to non-UK controllers offering goods or services to, or monitoring behavior of, people in the UK.
Uruguay Law 18,331	2	Applies to non-established controllers offering goods or services to, or analyzing behavior of, people in Uruguay, or using means located there.
Colombia Law 1581	1	Applies to processing in Colombia and to foreign controllers or processors when Colombian law applies under international norms or treaties.
DIFC DIFC DPL	1	Applies to controllers or processors incorporated in DIFC, and to processing in DIFC including through stable arrangements, wherever the controller sits.
Hong Kong PDPO	1	Applies to data users controlling data in or from Hong Kong; no express reach over foreign businesses targeting Hong Kong residents.
Israel PPL	1	No express extraterritorial clause; the PPA applies the law where processing has a material impact on Israelis, e.g. targeting the Israeli market or local servers.
Malaysia PDPA	1	Applies to persons established in Malaysia, or using equipment in Malaysia other than for transit; foreign users must nominate a local representative.
Mexico LFPDPPP	1	Law applies nationwide; the Regulation also reaches non-established controllers that use means located in Mexico (other than transit).
South Africa POPIA	1	Applies to responsible parties domiciled in South Africa, or not domiciled but using automated or non-automated means in the Republic.
Zimbabwe CDPA	1	Applies to controllers active in Zimbabwe and to controllers not established there that use means located in Zimbabwe.
Argentina Law 25,326	0	No extraterritorial provision; applies to files and databases, public or private, in Argentina.
Chile Law 19,628	0	No extraterritorial provision in the current text.

In CCPA/CPRA

• Section 1798.100General duties of businesses that collect personal information; notice at collection

  No lawful-basis requirement; notice at collection plus purpose limitation, with opt-out of sale/sharing.

• Section 1798.120Right to opt out of sale or sharing of personal information

  No lawful-basis requirement; notice at collection plus purpose limitation, with opt-out of sale/sharing.

• Section 1798.140Definitions

  Opt-out model; opt-in consent required to sell/share data of consumers under 16 and to re-opt-in after an opt-out.

Lawful basis across 39 laws

California CCPA	0	No lawful-basis requirement; notice at collection plus purpose limitation, with opt-out of sale/sharing.
Argentina Law 25,326	3	Processing is unlawful without consent, except listed cases such as public sources, state functions, basic listings, contracts and certain financial operations. No legitimate interests.
Canada PIPEDA	3	Consent is the default basis, with limited statutory exceptions.
Chile Law 19,628	3	Processing only when a law authorizes it or the holder expressly consents; narrow exceptions for public-source and certain internal data. No legitimate interests.
Colombia Law 1581	3	Prior, express and informed authorization is required, with narrow exceptions (public authority requests, public data, medical emergencies, civil registry). No legitimate interests.
Egypt PDPL	3	Explicit consent is the default; other grounds are contract, legal obligation and exercising legal rights. No legitimate interests ground.
India DPDP Act	3	Consent is the default basis; processing without consent only for listed 'legitimate uses' (s.7). No general legitimate interests ground.
Israel PPL	3	Informed consent is the main basis; the alternative is statutory authority. There is no legitimate-interests basis, and new purposes need new consent.
Malaysia PDPA	3	Consent is the general rule; non-consent processing only where necessary for contract, legal obligation, vital interests, justice and similar listed grounds.
Mexico LFPDPPP	3	Consent is the default basis; processing without consent only under listed exceptions (law, public sources, legal relationship, emergency, health care, court order). No legitimate interests.
Peru Law 29733	3	Consent is the default basis; exceptions listed in the Law (public entities, public sources, contracts, health, anonymized data). No legitimate interests.
Quebec Law 25	3	Consent is the default basis for use and communication, with listed exceptions.
UAE (federal) PDPL	3	Processing without consent is prohibited except in listed cases (public interest, contract, legal obligation, public data and others); no legitimate interests ground.
Uganda DPPA	3	Prior consent is the default; exceptions cover law, national security, medical purposes, legal obligation and contracts. No legitimate interests ground.
Uruguay Law 18,331	3	Consent is the default basis, with exceptions for public sources, state functions, limited listings, contracts and domestic use. No legitimate interests.
Vietnam PDPL	3	Consent is the default basis; the Law adds listed exceptions such as contract performance, legal obligations and protecting legitimate rights.
China PIPL	2	Consent or six other bases (contract/HR, legal duty, emergencies, news, public data, other laws); no legitimate interests.
Australia Privacy Act	1	No lawful-basis list; collection must be reasonably necessary, and secondary use needs consent, reasonable expectation or an exception.
Brazil LGPD	1	Ten legal bases including consent, legal obligation, contract, credit protection and legitimate interests.
DIFC DIFC DPL	1	Multiple bases including consent, contract, legal obligation, vital interests and legitimate interests.
Ecuador LOPDP	1	Eight bases including consent, legal obligation, contract, vital interests, public interest and legitimate interest.
European Union GDPR	1	Six lawful bases, including consent, contract, legal obligation, vital interests, public task and legitimate interests.
Ghana DPA	1	Prior consent or listed grounds, including contract, legal obligation, and legitimate interests of the controller or a third party.
Hong Kong PDPO	1	No lawful-basis list; collection must be lawful, fair and for a purpose directly related to the data user's functions.
Indonesia PDP Law	1	Consent, contract, legal obligation, vital interests, public interest/authority, and legitimate interests.
Japan APPI	1	No list of lawful bases; purpose must be specified and notified, and consent is needed for use beyond purpose and for most third-party provision.
Kenya DPA	1	Consent or listed necessity grounds, including legitimate interests unless unwarranted given harm to the data subject.
New Zealand Privacy Act	1	No lawful-basis list; collection must be for a lawful purpose connected to the agency's functions and necessary for it.
Nigeria NDPA	1	Consent or listed necessity grounds, including legitimate interests unless the data subject would not reasonably expect the processing.
Philippines DPA	1	Multiple bases: consent, contract, legal obligation, vital interests, public order, public authority and legitimate interests.
Saudi Arabia PDPL	1	Consent plus other bases, including legitimate interests (since 2023 amendment) after a documented assessment; not for sensitive data.
Singapore PDPA	1	Consent, deemed consent, or exceptions in the First and Second Schedules, including a legitimate interests exception.
South Africa POPIA	1	Six lawful grounds including consent, contract, legal obligation, and legitimate interests of the responsible party or a third party.
South Korea PIPA	1	Consent, law, public duties, contract, vital interests, legitimate interests that clearly override data subject rights, and urgent public safety.
Switzerland nFADP	1	No closed list of bases; processing must follow the principles, and breaches are justified by consent, an overriding private or public interest, or law.
Thailand PDPA	1	Consent or six other bases: research, vital interests, contract, public task, legitimate interests, and legal obligation.
Turkey KVKK	1	Explicit consent is the default, but processing without consent is allowed on listed grounds, including contract, legal obligation and legitimate interests.
United Kingdom UK GDPR	1	Six GDPR bases plus a new 'recognised legitimate interests' basis (Annex 1) needing no balancing test, in force 5 Feb 2026.
Zimbabwe CDPA	1	Consent or listed grounds including legal obligation, vital interests, public interest and legitimate interests of the controller or third party.

In CCPA/CPRA

• Section 1798.121Right to limit use and disclosure of sensitive personal information

  Sensitive personal information defined; consumers may limit its use to listed necessary purposes, with notice required.

Sensitive data across 39 laws

California CCPA	1	Sensitive personal information defined; consumers may limit its use to listed necessary purposes, with notice required.
Egypt PDPL	3	Processing sensitive data requires both written explicit consent and a licence from the Personal Data Protection Center.
Argentina Law 25,326	2	No one can be compelled to provide sensitive data; processing only for general interest authorized by law, or dissociated statistics or science.
Australia Privacy Act	2	Sensitive information may be collected only with consent and where reasonably necessary, or under listed exceptions.
Brazil LGPD	2	Sensitive data processed only with specific, highlighted consent or under listed exceptions.
Chile Law 19,628	2	Sensitive data cannot be processed unless a law authorizes it, the holder consents, or it is needed to grant health benefits.
China PIPL	2	Sensitive data needs a specific purpose, sufficient necessity, strict safeguards and separate consent.
Colombia Law 1581	2	Processing sensitive data is prohibited except with explicit authorization or listed exceptions; no activity may be conditioned on providing it.
DIFC DIFC DPL	2	Special categories may not be processed unless a listed condition, such as explicit consent, applies.
Ecuador LOPDP	2	Processing sensitive data is prohibited unless a listed exception applies, such as explicit consent.
European Union GDPR	2	Special categories (health, biometrics, religion, etc.) are prohibited unless explicit consent or another listed exception applies.
Ghana DPA	2	Special personal data (health, religion, ethnicity, sexual life and others) is prohibited unless consent or a listed exception applies.
Japan APPI	2	Special care-required information (race, creed, medical history, criminal record, etc.) needs prior consent to acquire and cannot be shared by opt-out.
Kenya DPA	2	Sensitive personal data may be processed only on listed grounds; health data only by or under health professionals.
Malaysia PDPA	2	Health, political, religious, offence and biometric data need explicit consent or a listed exception.
Mexico LFPDPPP	2	Sensitive data needs express written consent (signature, e-signature or other authentication); databases of sensitive data need a legitimate, specific justification.
Nigeria NDPA	2	Sensitive data (genetic, biometric, health, religion, politics, ethnicity, sex life, union membership) needs specific consent or a listed ground.
Peru Law 29733	2	Sensitive data, including biometric, genetic and neural data, requires written consent by signature or equivalent.
Philippines DPA	2	Processing sensitive and privileged information is prohibited except for listed cases such as specific consent, legal authorization or medical emergencies.
Saudi Arabia PDPL	2	Sensitive data needs explicit consent or a listed basis; legitimate interests cannot be used; DPIA and DPO triggers apply.
South Africa POPIA	2	Special personal information is prohibited unless consent or a listed exception applies; the Regulator may authorize processing in the public interest.
South Korea PIPA	2	Sensitive data (beliefs, union, politics, health, sex life, etc.) may be processed only with separate consent or where law requires or permits.
Switzerland nFADP	2	Sensitive data (incl. genetic, biometric, social assistance, criminal proceedings) needs express consent if relying on consent; disclosing it to third parties needs justification.
Thailand PDPA	2	Sensitive data (health, beliefs, criminal records, biometrics, genetics, etc.) requires explicit consent unless a listed exception applies.
Turkey KVKK	2	Processing special categories, including appearance, clothing and association membership, is prohibited unless an Art. 6(3) exception applies, such as explicit consent, law or employment obligations. Board-set measures are required.
Uganda DPPA	2	Special personal data (beliefs, politics, sexual life, financial, health) may be processed only under listed exceptions, such as freely given consent.
United Kingdom UK GDPR	2	Special categories prohibited unless explicit consent or listed condition applies; many conditions need an appropriate policy document.
Uruguay Law 18,331	2	No one may be compelled to provide sensitive data; processing needs express written consent or legal authorization for general interest.
Vietnam PDPL	2	Sensitive data list set by Government (now includes banking, credit, location and behavioral data); extra safeguards and notice required.
Zimbabwe CDPA	2	Sensitive, genetic, biometric and health data require written consent or listed exceptions; some uses need Authority authorization.
Canada PIPEDA	1	No special category; sensitivity drives the form of consent, generally express for sensitive information.
Indonesia PDP Law	1	'Specific' data (health, biometric, genetic, criminal, child, financial) defined; mainly triggers DPIA and DPO duties rather than a ban.
Israel PPL	1	'Information of special sensitivity' is broadly defined (incl. biometrics, location, financial data). It brings higher security levels, PPA notification above 100,000 people, DPO triggers and higher fines, but no ban.
Quebec Law 25	1	Sensitive information requires express consent for secondary uses and communication.
UAE (federal) PDPL	1	Sensitive data is defined; no separate prohibition, but large-volume sensitive processing triggers DPO and DPIA duties.
Hong Kong PDPO	0	No special category of sensitive data.
India DPDP Act	0	No separate sensitive data category; volume and sensitivity only factor into Significant Data Fiduciary designation.
New Zealand Privacy Act	0	No special category in the Act; Biometric Processing Privacy Code 2025 regulates biometrics.
Singapore PDPA	0	No statutory special category; PDPC treats some data as sensitive when assessing security and penalties.

In CCPA/CPRA

• Section 1798.120Right to opt out of sale or sharing of personal information

  Under 16: opt-in required to sell/share; under 13: parental authorization. Fines up to USD 7,988 for violations involving minors under 16.

• Section 1798.155Administrative enforcement and fines

  Under 16: opt-in required to sell/share; under 13: parental authorization. Fines up to USD 7,988 for violations involving minors under 16.

Children across 39 laws

California CCPA	2	Under 16: opt-in required to sell/share; under 13: parental authorization. Fines up to USD 7,988 for violations involving minors under 16.
Brazil LGPD	3	Under 12 needs specific parental consent; all minors under 18 must be processed in their best interest.
Colombia Law 1581	3	Processing data of all minors under 18 is prohibited except public data, or with legal representative authorization respecting the child's best interests.
Egypt PDPL	3	Children's data is sensitive. Under 15 needs written guardian consent; for ages 15 to 18 the Center sets the consent mechanism.
Ghana DPA	3	Age 18 (Children's Act). Data about a child under parental control is treated as special personal data.
India DPDP Act	3	Child means under 18; verifiable parental consent required; no tracking, behavioral monitoring or targeted advertising directed at children.
Indonesia PDP Law	3	Processing children's data needs consent of parent or guardian; child means under 18 under Indonesian child law.
Kenya DPA	3	Age 18. Processing requires parent or guardian consent and must serve the child's best interests; profiling children for direct marketing is barred.
Malaysia PDPA	3	For data subjects under 18, a parent, guardian or person with parental responsibility acts and consents.
Nigeria NDPA	3	Age 18 (Child's Rights Act). Parental or guardian consent with age verification; regulations pending for electronic services to children 13 and over.
Saudi Arabia PDPL	3	No fixed age in the PDPL; legal guardians act for persons lacking full legal capacity, including minors.
South Africa POPIA	3	Child means under 18. Processing children's information is prohibited unless a s.35 exception applies, such as consent of a competent person.
Thailand PDPA	3	Minors (under 20) need guardian consent unless they could act alone; under 10 always needs guardian consent.
Uganda DPPA	3	Age 18. Processing a child's data needs prior parental or guardian consent, unless required by law or for research or statistics.
Zimbabwe CDPA	3	Age 18. Parents or guardians consent and exercise rights; controllers must verify consent and run regular DPIAs for children's data.
China PIPL	2	Under 14 requires parent or guardian consent and special handling rules; such data is sensitive.
Ecuador LOPDP	2	Adolescents 15 and over may consent; younger children need a legal representative; ages 12-15 exercise rights through a representative.
European Union GDPR	2	Parental consent required for information society services offered to children under 16; Member States may lower the age to no less than 13.
Peru Law 29733	2	Minors 14 to 18 may consent if information is understandable; under 14 needs parental or guardian consent; reasonable age verification required.
Quebec Law 25	2	Information about a minor under 14 requires consent from the person with parental authority, unless clearly for the minor's benefit.
South Korea PIPA	2	Under 14: legal representative consent required and must be verified.
Vietnam PDPL	2	Legal representative acts for children (under 16); child aged 7+ and representative must both consent for private-life data.
Australia Privacy Act	1	No statutory age; OAIC guidance presumes capacity at 15. Children's Online Privacy Code (under 18) due by 10 Dec 2026.
Canada PIPEDA	1	No statutory age; the OPC considers children under 13 unable to give meaningful consent.
Japan APPI	1	No statutory age today; PPC Q&A treats roughly 12-15 as needing a guardian. Amendment sets under 16 for guardian consent once in force.
New Zealand Privacy Act	1	No age threshold; collection must be fair and not unreasonably intrusive, particularly from children or young persons.
Singapore PDPA	1	PDPC guidance: children 13 to 17 may consent if notices are understandable; under 13 need parent or guardian consent.
United Kingdom UK GDPR	1	Age of consent for information society services is 13; online services likely accessed by children must consider children's higher protection in design.
Argentina Law 25,326	0	No child-specific rule or age threshold in the Act; general capacity rules of the Civil and Commercial Code apply.
Chile Law 19,628	0	No child-specific rule or age threshold in the current text.
DIFC DIFC DPL	0	No children's consent age; minors are excluded from certain automated-decision exceptions.
Hong Kong PDPO	0	No age threshold or children-specific consent rule.
Israel PPL	0	No age threshold in the PPL; minors under 18 lack full legal capacity, so parental consent is generally needed.
Mexico LFPDPPP	0	No child-specific rule or age threshold; minors act through representatives under the Federal Civil Code (minority ends at 18).
Philippines DPA	0	No child-specific rule or age threshold in the Act; age is listed as sensitive personal information.
Switzerland nFADP	0	No fixed age; a minor can consent if they have capacity of judgment, assessed case by case.
Turkey KVKK	0	No specific rule; under-18s are minors under the Civil Code, so a parent or guardian generally gives consent.
UAE (federal) PDPL	0	No age threshold or child-specific rule in the Decree-Law.
Uruguay Law 18,331	0	No child-specific rule or age threshold in the Law; minors' data listed among vulnerable groups triggering a DPIA.

In CCPA/CPRA

• Section 1798.105Right to delete personal information

  Know/access, delete, correct, portability, opt-out of sale/sharing, limit sensitive data, and ADMT opt-out and access rights.

• Section 1798.106Right to correct inaccurate personal information

  Know/access, delete, correct, portability, opt-out of sale/sharing, limit sensitive data, and ADMT opt-out and access rights.

• Section 1798.110Right to know what personal information is collected; right of access

  Know/access, delete, correct, portability, opt-out of sale/sharing, limit sensitive data, and ADMT opt-out and access rights.

• Section 1798.115Right to know what personal information is sold or shared and to whom
• Section 1798.120Right to opt out of sale or sharing of personal information

  Know/access, delete, correct, portability, opt-out of sale/sharing, limit sensitive data, and ADMT opt-out and access rights.

• Section 1798.121Right to limit use and disclosure of sensitive personal information

  Know/access, delete, correct, portability, opt-out of sale/sharing, limit sensitive data, and ADMT opt-out and access rights.

• Section 1798.125No retaliation for exercising rights; financial incentives
• Section 1798.130Methods for submitting requests, response timelines and privacy policy disclosures

  Know/access, delete, correct, portability, opt-out of sale/sharing, limit sensitive data, and ADMT opt-out and access rights.

• Section 1798.150Private right of action for data breaches
• Section 1798.192Waiver of rights void

Rights across 39 laws

California CCPA	3	Know/access, delete, correct, portability, opt-out of sale/sharing, limit sensitive data, and ADMT opt-out and access rights.
Brazil LGPD	3	Confirmation, access, correction, anonymization/blocking/deletion, portability, consent revocation, objection and review of automated decisions.
China PIPL	3	Know and decide, restrict or refuse, access and copy, portability, correction, deletion, explanation and refusal of solely automated decisions.
DIFC DIFC DPL	3	Withdraw consent, access, rectification, erasure, objection (incl. direct marketing), restriction, portability and automated-decision rights.
Ecuador LOPDP	3	Information, access, rectification, deletion, objection, portability, suspension of processing, and not to be subject to solely automated decisions.
European Union GDPR	3	Access, rectification, erasure, restriction, portability, objection and rights on solely automated decisions.
Indonesia PDP Law	3	Information, correction, access, erasure, withdrawal, objection to automated decisions, restriction/suspension, portability and compensation.
Kenya DPA	3	Information, access, objection, correction, deletion, restriction, portability, and the right not to be subject to solely automated decisions.
Nigeria NDPA	3	Access, copy, rectification, erasure, restriction, portability, objection (absolute for direct marketing) and safeguards against solely automated decisions.
Peru Law 29733	3	Information, access, portability, rectification, cancellation, opposition, and objective treatment (no solely automated decisions with significant effects).
Quebec Law 25	3	Access, rectification, portability, de-indexing or cessation of dissemination, consent withdrawal, and information on automated decisions.
South Africa POPIA	3	Access, correction, deletion, objection (including direct marketing), protection from solely automated decisions, and restriction in limited cases.
South Korea PIPA	3	Access, portability (transmission), correction, erasure, suspension of processing, and the right to object to or seek explanation of automated decisions.
Switzerland nFADP	3	Access, rectification, deletion, restriction/prohibition of processing, objection, data portability, and a right to be heard on automated individual decisions.
Thailand PDPA	3	Access, portability, objection, erasure, restriction and rectification.
UAE (federal) PDPL	3	Information and access, portability, correction and erasure, restriction, objection (incl. direct marketing) and rights against automated decisions.
United Kingdom UK GDPR	3	Access, rectification, erasure, restriction, portability, objection, and safeguards on significant automated decisions, plus a right to complain to the controller.
Argentina Law 25,326	2	Access, rectification, updating and suppression; removal or blocking of marketing data at any time.
Chile Law 19,628	2	Information (access), modification, deletion and blocking; opposition to use for advertising, market research or surveys.
Colombia Law 1581	2	Know, update and correct data; proof of authorization; information on use; complain to SIC; revoke authorization or request deletion.
Egypt PDPL	2	Know and access data, withdraw consent, correct and erase, restrict processing, object, and be told of breaches.
Ghana DPA	2	Access, correction and deletion, the right to prevent processing, direct marketing opt-out, and rights against solely automated decisions.
Israel PPL	2	Access, correction or deletion of inaccurate data, deletion from direct-mail databases (opt-out), and erasure for EEA-origin data.
Japan APPI	2	Disclosure (access), correction/deletion, cessation of use or erasure, cessation of third-party provision, and disclosure of third-party provision records.
Malaysia PDPA	2	Access, correction, withdrawal of consent, prevent damaging processing, stop direct marketing and data portability.
Mexico LFPDPPP	2	ARCO rights: access, rectification, cancellation and opposition, including objection to automated processing with significant effects. No portability right.
Philippines DPA	2	Right to be informed, access, rectification, erasure or blocking, objection (incl. direct marketing), portability and damages.
Saudi Arabia PDPL	2	Rights to be informed, access and copy, correction, restriction and destruction; no portability right.
Turkey KVKK	2	Learn whether data is processed and get information (access), rectification, erasure, notice to third-party recipients, objection to solely automated outcomes, and compensation.
Uganda DPPA	2	Access, correction and deletion, objection to damaging processing, direct marketing opt-out, and rights against solely automated decisions.
Uruguay Law 18,331	2	Access, rectification, updating, inclusion, suppression; challenge automated decisions; removal or blocking of marketing data.
Vietnam PDPL	2	Be informed, consent and withdraw, access, correction, deletion, restriction, objection, complaint and lawsuit.
Zimbabwe CDPA	2	Information, access, objection, correction and deletion of false data, and protection from solely automated decisions.
Australia Privacy Act	1	Access and correction; no statutory erasure, portability or objection rights (direct marketing opt-out aside).
Canada PIPEDA	1	Access, correction, and withdrawal of consent; no statutory deletion, portability or automated-decision rights.
Hong Kong PDPO	1	Access and correction only.
India DPDP Act	1	Access to information, correction, completion, updating and erasure, grievance redressal and nomination. No portability, objection or automated-decision rights.
New Zealand Privacy Act	1	Access and correction only.
Singapore PDPA	1	Access and correction; data portability enacted but not yet in force; right to withdraw consent.

In CCPA/CPRA

• Section 1798.120Right to opt out of sale or sharing of personal information

  Right to opt out of selling or sharing data for cross-context behavioral advertising; email marketing governed by federal CAN-SPAM.

Marketing across 39 laws

California CCPA	1	Right to opt out of selling or sharing data for cross-context behavioral advertising; email marketing governed by federal CAN-SPAM.
Colombia Law 1581	3	Any marketing use needs prior, express, informed authorization for that purpose; holders may revoke at any time.
Ghana DPA	3	Direct marketing requires the data subject's prior written consent, and data subjects may later require it to stop.
Hong Kong PDPO	3	Consent (incl. 'no objection') required before using or providing personal data for any direct marketing; oral consent confirmed in writing within 14 days.
Kenya DPA	3	Commercial use, including direct marketing, requires express consent; messages must carry a simple opt-out, and objection is absolute.
Nigeria NDPA	3	Consent is required for any direct marketing; objection to direct marketing is absolute.
Peru Law 29733	3	Consent for marketing must be obtained directly; one first contact allowed to seek it, no further contact if refused; opt-outs handled within 10 days.
Saudi Arabia PDPL	3	Consent required before sending advertising or using personal data for direct marketing; easy opt-out required; no existing-customer exception confirmed.
Australia Privacy Act	2	APP 7 requires opt-out; Spam Act 2003 requires opt-in consent for commercial electronic messages.
China PIPL	2	Automated-decision marketing must offer a non-personalized option or easy refusal; marketing otherwise needs consent.
Egypt PDPL	2	Electronic direct marketing requires prior consent, a clear opt-out and a Center licence; consent records kept three years.
European Union GDPR	2	Absolute right to object to direct marketing; prior consent required for electronic marketing under the ePrivacy Directive, with a customer soft opt-in.
Israel PPL	2	Prior written or electronic opt-in for commercial electronic messages, with a narrow existing-customer exception; the PPL also gives an absolute right to opt out of direct mail.
Japan APPI	2	Marketing email requires prior opt-in consent under the Act on Regulation of Transmission of Specified Electronic Mail.
New Zealand Privacy Act	2	Commercial electronic messages require consent under the Unsolicited Electronic Messages Act 2007.
South Africa POPIA	2	Electronic direct marketing requires prior opt-in consent, which may be requested only once; existing customers may receive similar offers with an opt-out.
South Korea PIPA	2	Electronic advertising requires the recipient's prior explicit opt-in consent.
Switzerland nFADP	2	Opt-in for automated mass advertising (email, SMS), except to existing customers for similar products with an opt-out offered.
Turkey KVKK	2	Commercial electronic messages need prior opt-in consent recorded in the national IYS system; opt-outs must be honored within 3 business days.
United Kingdom UK GDPR	2	Prior consent needed for electronic marketing, with soft opt-in for existing customers (extended to charities by DUAA); absolute right to object.
Vietnam PDPL	2	Consent required for behavioral and targeted advertising, with an opt-out mechanism, plus anti-spam rules.
Argentina Law 25,326	1	Marketing may use data from public sources or provided by the holder; holders may demand removal or blocking at any time (opt-out).
Brazil LGPD	1	No specific marketing rule; requires a legal basis, and data subjects may object or revoke consent.
Canada PIPEDA	1	Opt-out consent can suffice for non-sensitive secondary marketing uses; commercial electronic messages need opt-in under CASL.
Chile Law 19,628	1	Holders may object to use of their data for advertising, market research or opinion surveys (opt-out).
DIFC DIFC DPL	1	Inform subjects before first disclosure for marketing and honor the right to object at any time, offered by the first communication.
Ecuador LOPDP	1	Data subjects may object at any time to direct marketing, including related profiling.
Malaysia PDPA	1	Data subjects may require a controller, by written notice, to stop or not begin processing for direct marketing.
Mexico LFPDPPP	1	Marketing is a secondary purpose disclosed in the privacy notice; data subjects can object or opt out.
Philippines DPA	1	Data subjects have a right to object to direct marketing; processing must stop on objection.
Quebec Law 25	1	Prospection must identify the enterprise and inform individuals of their right to withdraw consent; electronic messages need CASL opt-in.
Singapore PDPA	1	Check the Do Not Call Register before marketing calls or texts unless clear consent; marketing use of data also needs consent.
Thailand PDPA	1	Data subjects may object to direct marketing at any time; no PDPA-specific opt-in for electronic marketing.
UAE (federal) PDPL	1	Data subjects may object to processing for direct marketing, including related profiling.
Uganda DPPA	1	Data subjects may require a controller to stop direct marketing processing; the controller must respond within 14 days.
Uruguay Law 18,331	1	Marketing profiles only from public sources, data provided by the holder or with consent; holder may request removal or blocking at any time.
Zimbabwe CDPA	1	Data subjects may object free of charge to processing for direct marketing; no opt-in rule.
India DPDP Act	0	No specific direct marketing rule; marketing requires consent like other processing; targeted ads to children banned.
Indonesia PDP Law	0	Not addressed specifically; marketing needs a lawful basis and consent can be withdrawn.

In CCPA/CPRA

• Section 1798.150Private right of action for data breaches

Tell the regulator across 39 laws

California CCPA	2	Notify the Attorney General within 15 days of notifying consumers when a breach affects more than 500 California residents.
China PIPL	3	Immediately take remedial measures and notify the regulator of a leak, alteration or loss.
India DPDP Act	3	Intimate the Board without delay, then a detailed report within 72 hours of becoming aware.
Israel PPL	3	Report a severe security incident to the PPA immediately on discovery, through its online form.
Uganda DPPA	3	Notify the PDPO immediately on believing data was accessed or acquired by an unauthorized person.
Zimbabwe CDPA	3	Notify POTRAZ within 24 hours of becoming aware, on Form DP3; investigation report within 21 days.
Brazil LGPD	2	Notify ANPD within 3 business days of learning an incident affected personal data and may cause relevant risk or harm.
Colombia Law 1581	2	Report security incidents to SIC through the RNBD within 15 business days of detection.
Ecuador LOPDP	2	Notify the Superintendency within 5 days of becoming aware, unless the breach is unlikely to create risk; processors tell controllers within 2 days.
Egypt PDPL	2	Notify the Center within 72 hours of becoming aware; national-security breaches immediately.
European Union GDPR	2	Notify the supervisory authority without undue delay and, where feasible, within 72 hours of becoming aware, unless risk is unlikely.
Indonesia PDP Law	2	Written notice to the agency within 72 hours (3x24 hours) after a failure is established.
Japan APPI	2	Report reportable breaches (sensitive data, financial harm, improper purpose, over 1,000 persons) promptly (3-5 days guidance), final report within 30 days, 60 if malicious.
Kenya DPA	2	Notify the Data Commissioner within 72 hours of becoming aware where there is a real risk of harm; processors tell controllers within 48 hours.
Malaysia PDPA	2	Notify the Commissioner as soon as practicable and within 72 hours of the breach.
Nigeria NDPA	2	Notify the Commission within 72 hours of becoming aware of a breach likely to risk individuals' rights.
Peru Law 29733	2	Notify the Authority within 48 hours of qualifying incidents (large-scale, sensitive data or many affected); digital incidents also to the National Digital Security Center.
Philippines DPA	2	Notify the NPC within 72 hours of knowledge of a breach involving sensitive or fraud-enabling data with real risk of serious harm.
Saudi Arabia PDPL	2	Notify SDAIA within 72 hours of becoming aware of a breach that may harm data subjects.
Singapore PDPA	2	After assessing a breach as notifiable, notify the PDPC as soon as practicable and no later than 3 calendar days.
South Korea PIPA	2	Report to PIPC within 72 hours where 1,000+ persons, sensitive or unique identifiers, or external hacking are involved.
Thailand PDPA	2	Notify the PDPC Office within 72 hours of becoming aware, where feasible, unless no risk to rights.
Turkey KVKK	2	Notify the Board as soon as possible, interpreted by the Board as within 72 hours of discovery, with no risk threshold.
United Kingdom UK GDPR	2	Notify the ICO without undue delay and, where feasible, within 72 hours of becoming aware, unless risk is unlikely.
Uruguay Law 18,331	2	Notify the URCDP within 72 hours of becoming aware of a breach, then file a detailed report once resolved.
Vietnam PDPL	2	Notify the specialized agency (A05) within 72 hours of detecting a breach likely to cause serious harm.
Australia Privacy Act	1	Assess suspected breaches within 30 days; notify OAIC as soon as practicable for eligible data breaches.
Canada PIPEDA	1	Report to the Commissioner as soon as feasible if a breach creates a real risk of significant harm.
DIFC DIFC DPL	1	Notify the Commissioner as soon as practicable in the circumstances; no fixed hours.
Ghana DPA	1	Notify the Commission as soon as reasonably practicable after discovery; no fixed hour limit.
New Zealand Privacy Act	1	Notify the Commissioner as soon as practicable after becoming aware of a notifiable breach (OPC guide: within 72 hours).
Quebec Law 25	1	Promptly notify the Commission d'accès à l'information of incidents presenting a risk of serious injury.
South Africa POPIA	1	Notify the Regulator as soon as reasonably possible after discovering a security compromise; no fixed hour limit. Filed through the eServices portal since April 2025.
Switzerland nFADP	1	Notify the FDPIC as soon as possible of a breach likely to pose a high risk; no fixed hour deadline.
UAE (federal) PDPL	1	Notify the Data Office on becoming aware of a breach prejudicing privacy, within a period the Executive Regulations will set.
Argentina Law 25,326	0	No statutory breach notification duty.
Chile Law 19,628	0	No breach notification duty in the current text.
Hong Kong PDPO	0	No mandatory notification; voluntary notice to PCPD encouraged.
Mexico LFPDPPP	0	No duty to notify the regulator.

In CCPA/CPRA

• Section 1798.100General duties of businesses that collect personal information; notice at collection

  Disclose retention period per category and keep data no longer than reasonably necessary for the disclosed purpose.

Retention across 39 laws

California CCPA	2	Disclose retention period per category and keep data no longer than reasonably necessary for the disclosed purpose.
India DPDP Act	3	Erase when purpose ends or consent is withdrawn; large e-commerce, gaming and social platforms must erase after three years of inactivity with 48 hours' notice.
Nigeria NDPA	3	Without a statutory period, storage must end within six months after the purpose is accomplished.
Australia Privacy Act	2	Destroy or de-identify personal information once no longer needed for any permitted purpose.
Brazil LGPD	2	Data must be deleted when processing ends, with listed exceptions such as legal obligations or research.
China PIPL	2	Retain for the shortest period necessary; delete when purpose is achieved, consent withdrawn or retention period expires.
DIFC DIFC DPL	2	Keep data no longer than necessary; when the basis ends, delete, anonymize, pseudonymize, encrypt or put it beyond use.
Egypt PDPL	2	Data may not be kept longer than the purpose requires and must be erased when the purpose ends.
Ghana DPA	2	Data may not be kept longer than necessary and must then be destroyed, deleted or de-identified.
Hong Kong PDPO	2	Do not keep data longer than necessary and take practicable steps to erase it.
Indonesia PDP Law	2	Delete or destroy data at the end of the retention period or on request; notices must state the retention period.
Kenya DPA	2	Keep data only as long as reasonably necessary, maintain a retention schedule with periodic review, then erase or anonymize.
Malaysia PDPA	2	Do not keep data longer than necessary and take reasonable steps to destroy or permanently delete it.
Mexico LFPDPPP	2	Data must be blocked, then deleted, once purposes end; records of contractual defaults must be deleted after 72 months.
Peru Law 29733	2	Indefinite retention generally prohibited; processors keep data at most 2 years after the engagement ends; access logs kept at least 2 years.
Quebec Law 25	2	Destroy or anonymize information once its purposes are achieved, subject to legal retention periods.
Saudi Arabia PDPL	2	Destroy data when no longer needed for its purpose or processed unlawfully, subject to legal retention exceptions.
South Africa POPIA	2	Records may not be kept longer than necessary for the purpose and must be destroyed, deleted or de-identified afterward.
South Korea PIPA	2	Destroy personal information without delay once the retention period ends or the purpose is achieved.
Thailand PDPA	2	Controllers must examine and erase or anonymize data after the retention period or when no longer needed.
Turkey KVKK	2	Erase, destroy or anonymize data once processing grounds end; registered controllers need a retention policy and periodic destruction at least every six months.
Uganda DPPA	2	Data may not be kept longer than necessary; at expiry it must be destroyed, deleted or de-identified.
Uruguay Law 18,331	2	Delete data once no longer necessary; negative credit records limited to 5 years, renewable once.
Vietnam PDPL	2	Delete when purpose is complete, retention period ends, ordered by authorities, or on request.
Argentina Law 25,326	1	Data must be destroyed once no longer necessary or relevant to the purpose collected.
Canada PIPEDA	1	Keep information only as long as needed for its purposes; destroy, erase or anonymize when no longer required.
Chile Law 19,628	1	Data must be deleted or cancelled when storage lacks a legal basis or the data has expired.
Colombia Law 1581	1	Process data only as long as reasonable and necessary for the purpose, then delete unless law or contract requires retention.
Ecuador LOPDP	1	Data kept no longer than necessary; controllers must set deletion or periodic review deadlines; the regulator may set periods.
European Union GDPR	1	Storage limitation: keep identifiable data no longer than necessary; erase when no longer needed.
Israel PPL	1	Delete data once its lawful purpose is exhausted and review holdings periodically, at least annually, for excess data; no statutory periods.
Japan APPI	1	Businesses must endeavor to delete personal data without delay once it is no longer needed.
New Zealand Privacy Act	1	Do not keep information longer than required for lawful purposes.
Philippines DPA	1	Retain only as long as necessary for the declared purpose, legal claims or legitimate business purposes, then dispose securely.
Singapore PDPA	1	Cease retention or anonymize once the purpose is no longer served and no legal or business need remains.
Switzerland nFADP	1	Destroy or anonymize personal data once it is no longer needed for its purpose; no statutory periods.
UAE (federal) PDPL	1	Personal data must not be kept after the purpose is exhausted, unless anonymized.
United Kingdom UK GDPR	1	Storage limitation: keep identifiable data no longer than necessary.
Zimbabwe CDPA	1	Data may be kept no longer than necessary for the purpose collected; no specific periods.

In CCPA/CPRA

• Section 1798.199.10Establishment of the California Privacy Protection Agency
• Section 1798.199.15Qualifications of agency board members
• Section 1798.199.20Terms of board members
• Section 1798.199.25Compensation of board members
• Section 1798.199.30Agency staff and executive director
• Section 1798.199.35Delegation of authority
• Section 1798.199.40Functions of the agency
• Section 1798.199.60California Privacy Protection Agency enforcement provision
• Section 1798.199.65California Privacy Protection Agency enforcement provision
• Section 1798.199.85Judicial review of agency decisions
• Section 1798.199.95Appropriation to the agency

We don't score this topic in the comparison. The sections on the left are the place to start.

In CCPA/CPRA

• Section 1798.150Private right of action for data breaches

  Private right of action for data breaches from failure to maintain reasonable security: USD 107-799 per consumer per incident, class actions allowed.

• Section 1798.155Administrative enforcement and fines
• Section 1798.199.25Compensation of board members
• Section 1798.199.45Investigations of possible violations
• Section 1798.199.55Hearings, orders and administrative fines
• Section 1798.199.60California Privacy Protection Agency enforcement provision
• Section 1798.199.65California Privacy Protection Agency enforcement provision
• Section 1798.199.75Civil action to collect administrative fines

Private action across 39 laws

California CCPA	3	Private right of action for data breaches from failure to maintain reasonable security: USD 107-799 per consumer per incident, class actions allowed.
Brazil LGPD	3	Controllers and processors must compensate material or moral damage; individual and collective actions allowed.
China PIPL	3	Tort claims with presumed fault of the handler; prosecutors and designated organizations may bring public interest suits.
European Union GDPR	3	Right to compensation for material or non-material damage; representative bodies may bring claims, including collective redress.
Israel PPL	3	Civil tort claims plus statutory damages without proof of harm: up to ILS 10,000 for listed database violations, more for privacy infringement. Class actions are available.
Quebec Law 25	3	Courts must award punitive damages of at least CAD 1,000 for intentional or grossly negligent infringements; class actions available.
South Korea PIPA	3	Damages with reversed burden of proof, up to 5x for intentional or negligent leaks, statutory damages up to KRW 3 million, and group suits.
Thailand PDPA	3	Strict liability for damages, plus punitive damages up to twice actual damages; class actions available under civil procedure.
Argentina Law 25,326	2	Habeas data court action to access, rectify, suppress or keep data confidential; liability for damages also arises.
Australia Privacy Act	2	Statutory tort for serious invasions of privacy (from 10 Jun 2025); representative complaints to OAIC.
Chile Law 19,628	2	Controller must compensate material and moral damage from improper processing; amount set by the judge.
Colombia Law 1581	2	Data subjects complain to SIC after exhausting the controller process; damages are claimed under general civil liability.
DIFC DIFC DPL	2	Data subjects may sue directly in DIFC Courts for financial and non-financial harm, including distress.
Ecuador LOPDP	2	Data subjects may sue for damages (Constitution art. 92 habeas data) and must be guaranteed full reparation.
Egypt PDPL	2	Victims keep the right to claim compensation; entities are jointly liable for employees' violations.
Ghana DPA	2	Individuals who suffer damage or distress from a contravention are entitled to compensation, subject to a reasonable care defense.
Hong Kong PDPO	2	Individuals suffering damage, including injury to feelings, may claim compensation; PCPD may give legal assistance.
Indonesia PDP Law	2	Data subjects may sue for compensation for violations of processing.
Japan APPI	2	Individuals may sue to compel disclosure, correction or cessation, and claim tort damages under the Civil Code.
Kenya DPA	2	Persons who suffer damage, including distress, are entitled to compensation from the controller or processor.
Mexico LFPDPPP	2	Administrative sanctions apply without prejudice to civil liability, so data subjects can claim damages in the civil courts.
New Zealand Privacy Act	2	After a Commissioner complaint, individuals may bring proceedings in the Human Rights Review Tribunal for damages.
Nigeria NDPA	2	Data subjects who suffer injury, loss or harm may sue for damages; the Commission can also order compensation.
Peru Law 29733	2	Anyone harmed may claim compensation; denied rights can be pursued before the Authority or by habeas data action.
Philippines DPA	2	Data subjects may be indemnified for damages from inaccurate or unlawful processing.
Saudi Arabia PDPL	2	Anyone harmed may seek proportionate compensation for material or moral damage before the competent court.
Singapore PDPA	2	Persons suffering loss or damage may sue for injunction, declaration, damages or other relief.
South Africa POPIA	2	Data subjects, or the Regulator on their behalf, may sue for patrimonial, non-patrimonial and aggravated damages, regardless of intent or negligence.
Switzerland nFADP	2	Data subjects can sue for injunctions, rectification or deletion, damages, moral damages and surrender of profits.
Turkey KVKK	2	Data subjects can claim compensation in civil courts for damage from unlawful processing; complaints to the Board come after a request to the controller.
Uganda DPPA	2	A data subject who suffers damage or distress may apply to court for compensation; complaints also go to the PDPO.
United Kingdom UK GDPR	2	Individuals can claim compensation for material or non-material damage; representative actions are limited in practice.
Uruguay Law 18,331	2	Habeas data court action with summary procedure to access, rectify, include or delete data.
Vietnam PDPL	2	Violators must compensate damage; controllers and processors liable for losses caused by their processing.
Canada PIPEDA	1	After a Commissioner complaint, individuals may apply to the Federal Court for damages, including for humiliation.
India DPDP Act	1	Civil courts barred; data principals complain to the Data Protection Board after exhausting grievance redressal. No compensation provision.
UAE (federal) PDPL	1	Data subjects may complain to the Data Office; no compensation or civil claim provision.
Zimbabwe CDPA	1	No statutory compensation right; data subjects complain to POTRAZ, with appeal to the Administrative Court.
Malaysia PDPA	0	No statutory right for data subjects to sue for compensation; complaints go to the Commissioner.

In CCPA/CPRA

• Section 1798.155Administrative enforcement and fines

  Up to USD 2,663 per violation or USD 7,988 per intentional violation or violation involving minors, with no aggregate cap.

• Section 1798.199.55Hearings, orders and administrative fines
• Section 1798.199.75Civil action to collect administrative fines
• Section 1798.199.80Court judgment on unpaid fines
• Section 1798.199.90Civil penalties in actions by the Attorney General

  Up to USD 2,663 per violation or USD 7,988 per intentional violation or violation involving minors, with no aggregate cap.

Maximum fine across 39 laws

California CCPA	2	Up to USD 2,663 per violation or USD 7,988 per intentional violation or violation involving minors, with no aggregate cap.
Australia Privacy Act	3	Body corporate: greater of AUD 50 million, 3x the benefit, or 30% of adjusted turnover for serious interferences.
Brazil LGPD	3	Simple fine up to 2% of Brazil revenue for the prior year, capped at BRL 50 million per infraction; daily fines also possible.
China PIPL	3	Up to RMB 50 million or 5% of prior-year revenue; responsible individuals RMB 100,000 to 1 million.
Ecuador LOPDP	3	Serious infringements: 0.7% to 1% of prior-year business volume; public servants 10 to 20 basic salaries.
European Union GDPR	3	Up to EUR 20 million or 4% of total worldwide annual turnover, whichever is higher.
India DPDP Act	3	Up to INR 250 crore (about USD 30m) per instance for security safeguard failures.
Indonesia PDP Law	3	Administrative fines up to 2% of annual revenue; criminal corporate fines up to 10x individual maximum.
Israel PPL	3	Tiered administrative fines, many per data subject (e.g., ILS 4-8 per person for sensitive databases), plus fixed amounts up to ILS 640,000 per violation; no overall cap stated.
Nigeria NDPA	3	Greater of N10 million or 2% of prior-year annual gross revenue for entities of major importance; N2 million or 2% for others.
Quebec Law 25	3	Penal fines up to CAD 25 million or 4% of worldwide turnover; administrative penalties up to CAD 10 million or 2%.
Singapore PDPA	3	Up to 10% of annual Singapore turnover if over SGD 10 million, otherwise SGD 1 million.
South Korea PIPA	3	Penalty surcharge up to 3% of total revenue (excluding unrelated revenue); up to 10% for repeat, mass (10m+) or post-order breaches.
Uganda DPPA	3	Courts may fine a corporation up to 2% of annual gross turnover; individual offenses up to 245 currency points (UGX 4.9 million).
United Kingdom UK GDPR	3	Up to GBP 17.5 million or 4% of worldwide annual turnover, whichever is higher; PECR fines now aligned to the same level.
Vietnam PDPL	3	Up to 5% of prior-year revenue for cross-border violations, 10x revenue for illegal data trading, VND 3 billion for other violations.
Colombia Law 1581	2	Up to 2,000 monthly minimum wages (roughly USD 0.7m), plus suspension or closure of operations.
DIFC DIFC DPL	2	Administrative fines up to USD 100,000 per standard contravention under Schedule 2.
Egypt PDPL	2	Fines up to EGP 5 million (about USD 100,000) per offense, doubled for repeat offenses.
Hong Kong PDPO	2	Criminal fines up to HKD 1,000,000 (about USD 128k) for doxxing causing harm or selling data for marketing.
Japan APPI	2	Criminal corporate fine up to JPY 100 million for violating PPC orders or unlawful database provision. Amendment adds revenue-linked administrative surcharges.
Malaysia PDPA	2	Up to RM1,000,000 (about USD 235k) and/or 3 years' imprisonment for breaching the data protection principles.
Mexico LFPDPPP	2	Up to 320,000 UMA (about MXN 36 million, roughly USD 2m), doubled for sensitive data, plus an additional fine of up to 320,000 UMA for repeat violations.
Peru Law 29733	2	Up to 100 UIT (about PEN 535,000, roughly USD 145,000), not exceeding 10% of prior-year gross income.
Saudi Arabia PDPL	2	Fines up to SAR 5 million (about USD 1.3m) per violation, doubled for repeat violations.
South Africa POPIA	2	Administrative fine up to R10 million (about USD 550,000).
Switzerland nFADP	2	Criminal fine up to CHF 250,000 per individual; a company can be fined up to CHF 50,000 when identifying the individual is disproportionate.
Thailand PDPA	2	Administrative fines up to THB 5 million per violation (about USD 150k).
Turkey KVKK	2	Administrative fines up to TRY 17,092,242 per violation in 2026, revalued each year.
Argentina Law 25,326	1	ARS 1,000 to 100,000 per infringement; total for the same conduct capped at ARS 50 million (about USD 35,000-40,000).
Canada PIPEDA	1	Fines up to CAD 100,000 on indictment (CAD 10,000 summary) for knowing breach-reporting and listed violations; no administrative fines.
Chile Law 19,628	1	Court-imposed fines of 1 to 10 UTM, or 10 to 50 UTM for economic, financial and commercial data (about USD 3,500 at most).
Ghana DPA	1	General penalty up to 5,000 penalty units (about GHS 60,000) and/or 10 years' imprisonment.
Kenya DPA	1	Up to KES 5 million or 1% of prior-year annual turnover, whichever is lower (about USD 39,000 maximum).
New Zealand Privacy Act	1	Criminal fines up to NZD 10,000 (e.g. failing to notify a breach).
Philippines DPA	1	Criminal fines up to PHP 5 million; administrative fines up to 3% of annual gross income, capped at PHP 5 million (about USD 86k) per act.
Uruguay Law 18,331	1	Up to 500,000 indexed units (UI) (roughly USD 80,000), plus warning or suspension of the database.
Zimbabwe CDPA	1	Fines up to level 11 (reported at about USD 1,000) and/or up to 7 years' imprisonment.
UAE (federal) PDPL	0	No fines in force; Cabinet decision defining violations and penalties not issued.